Shoreline Cats By Dave Watson

Shoreline Cats

Shoreline Cats
By Dave Watson

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Cattails

Cattails are wetland plants, typically 1 to 7 m tall (T. minima is smaller: 0.5-1 m), with spongy, strap-like leaves and starchy, creeping stems (rhizomes). The leaves are alternate and mostly basal to a simple, jointless stem that eventually bears the flowers. The rhizomes spread horizontally beneath the surface of muddy ground to start new upright growth, and the spread of cattails is an important part of the process of open water bodies being converted to vegetated marshland and eventually dry land. These plants are  wind-pollinated, and bear unisexual flowers developing in dense, complex spikes. The male flower spike develops at the top of the vertical stem, above the female flower spike  . The male  flowers are reduced to a pair of stamens and hairs and wither once the pollen is shed, leaving a short, bare stem portion above the female inflorescence. The dense cluster of female flowers forms a cylindrical spike some 10 to as much as 40 cm long and 1 to 4 cm broad. Seeds are minute (about 0.2 mm long), and attached to a thin hair or stalk, which effects wind dispersal. Typha are often among the first wetland plants to colonize areas of newly exposed wet mud. The most widespread species is Typha latifolia, extending across the entire temperate Northern Hemisphere. T. angustifolia is nearly as widespread, but does not extend so far north. T. domingensis is a more southerly American species, extending from the U.S. to South America, while T. laxmannii, T. minima and T. shuttleworthii are largely restricted to Asia and parts of southern Europe. Typha latifolia Typha plants grow along lake margins and in marshes, often in dense colonies, and are sometimes considered a weed in managed wetlands. The plant's root systems help prevent erosion, and the plants themselves are often home to many insects, birds and amphibians. In North America, the native cattails are increasingly being supplanted by the invasive purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria.Cattail has a wide variety of parts that are edible to humans. The rhizomes are a pleasant, nutritious and energy-rich food source, generally harvested from late Fall to early Spring. These are starchy, but also fibrous, so the starch must be scraped or sucked from the tough fibers. In addition to the rhizomes, cattails have little-known, underground, lateral stems that are quite tasty. In late spring, the bases of the leaves, while they are young and tender, can be eaten raw or cooked. As the flower spike is developing in early summer, it can be broken off and eaten, and in mid-summer, once the flowers are mature, the pollen can be collected and used as a flour supplement or thickener. Typha seeds are very small, embedded in down parachutes, and very effectively wind-dispersedThe disintegrating heads are used by some birds to line their nests. The downy material was also used by Native Americans as tinder for starting fires. Native American tribes also used cattail down to line moccasins and papoose boards. An Indian name for cattail meant, “fruit for papoose’s bed”. Today some people still use cattail down to stuff clothing items and pillows. The down has also been used to fill life vests in the same manner as kapok. If using the cattail for pillow stuffing, it is suggested to use thick batting material, as the fluff may cause a skin reaction similar to urticaria.  Preceding material Copyright ©  by WikiPedia.org
 

The Nanticoke River

When Captain John Smith explored the rivers of the Chesapeake Bay in 1608, he discovered the gentle, meandering Nanticoke River in the heart of the Delmarva Peninsula. Smith named the river for the Native Americans who lived nearby. The 725,000-acre Nanticoke watershed supports a wide variety of plant and animal species, including more rare plants than any other landscape on the Delmarva Peninsula. An estimated 20 percent of the watershed has been protected though the work of the Conservancy and its partners. The Conservancy’s Nanticoke preserves in Maryland and Delaware encompass 1,695 acres alone, and our work with partners continues as we strive to protect an additional 50,000 acres by 2015. The watershed features an especially wide range of high-quality brackish and freshwater tidal wetlands. The Nanticoke River, which flows from southern Delaware southwest through Maryland’s Eastern Shore, is one of the Chesapeake Bay’s most productive tributaries. When the Nanticoke Indians paddled their canoes here, hardwood forests and wetlands extended for miles in every direction. These native people traded the bounty of the land and water, including animal pelts and beads made from oyster and clam shells. While forest cover has dwindled and the oyster population has plummeted, much of the diversity of plants and animals in the watershed remains today. The Nanticoke River and its hundreds of miles of freshwater streams harbor commercially and ecologically important species such as rockfish, white and yellow perch, and herring. Atlantic white cedar swamps, once heavily lumbered for boat construction, are protected here, along with the delicate pitcher plants and other rare species these swamps shelter. Delmarva bays, which are non-tidal wetlands unique to the Delmarva Peninsula, have dotted this landscape for more than 16,000 years and are home to the rare carpenter frog and Eastern tiger salamander. Ancient sand dunes support globally rare plants such as wild lupine. Many of these sandy ridges—formed 13,000 to 30,000 years ago—have already been lost to development, or sand and gravel operations. Native coastal plain forests, which help filter water draining into the river and then to the bay, are home to the endangered Delmarva fox squirrel as well as migrating songbirds such as the American redstart and the prothonotary warbler. Human activities place a heavy burden on this remarkably pristine region. An overabundance of nutrients from sources such as septic tanks and incompatible agricultural practices threaten the health of the Nanticoke. Development has removed trees that once filtered surface and ground water, while adding hard surfaces that redirect and increase pollutant-laden flows into the Chesapeake Bay. To preserve the Nanticoke River and all that it sustains, The Nature Conservancy works with a variety of public and private partners, including the states of Maryland and Delaware, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nanticoke Watershed Alliance, the Conservation Fund, and local land trusts such as the Eastern Shore Land Conservancy. Preceding material Copyright ©  
 

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